The Polish state also supported Jewish paramilitary groups such as the Haganah, Betar, and Irgun, providing them with weapons and training. Throughout the interwar period, Poland supported Jewish emigration from Poland and the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population. When Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, it was still the center of the European Jewish world, with one of the world's largest Jewish communities of over 3 million. After the Partitions of Poland in 1795 and the destruction of Poland as a sovereign state, Polish Jews became subject to the laws of the partitioning powers, including the increasingly antisemitic Russian Empire, as well as Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Prussia (later a part of the German Empire). With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife (due to the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation), Poland's traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century. According to some sources, about three-quarters of the world's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. Poland became a shelter for Jews persecuted and expelled from various European countries and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. Historians have used the label paradisus iudaeorum ( Latin for " Paradise of the Jews"). Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a renewed interest in Jewish culture, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, and the opening of Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.įrom the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 until the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators of various nationalities, during the German occupation of Poland between 19, called the Holocaust. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, because of the long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy which ended after the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. We aim to process all returns within 1-3 working days of receiving them, although it can take longer during busy periods such as holidays and sale.The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1,000 years. How long will it take to send out my exchange items? We will send you a 'refund notification' email to confirm that we have refunded your card. We process all returns within 1-3 working days of receiving them. Your order number can be found in the subject line of both your 'order confirmation' and 'shipping confirmation' emails. If you have requested an exchange, we will ship the replacement item(s) back to you free of charge. Yes, customers are responsible for the cost of shipping returns back to us. RETURNS FAQS Do I have to pay for my return? Please contact kjole at if you have any questions or need further help. We process returns daily and will confirm when your refund or exchange has been processed by email. Kjole, 6 Albert Hill Street, Didsbury, M20 6RF Your refund will be credited back via the original method of payment. We understand that you will want your refunds as soon as possible and we willl endeavour to do so, but sometimes this may take up to 14 days to be processed.Please note, until we receive your return, the item(s) and their condition remain your responsibility. We will email you to confirm receipt of your returned item(s).Please return your item(s) in the packaging we sent them in to ensure the item(s) arrive at kjole in pristine condition.Please include the invoice for your purchase inside the parcel. Package up your return items securely - we recommend that you post the parcel back to us using a recorded courier service.Contact us by email at your name, order number, the item you are returning, the reason for your return and your preference of a refund or exchange.Exchanges are only offered for the same style in a different size, if you wish to exchange for a different style we ask that you request a refund and place a new order for the new item. We are happy to offer an exchange or refund on any unsuitable items within 14 days of receipt, provided they are unworn and in resale-able condition, with all original labels and swing tickets attached.
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